Boosting是一种著名的机器学习方法，它基于将弱和适度不准确假设与强烈而准确的假设相结合的想法。我们研究了弱假设属于界限能力类别的假设。这个假设的灵感来自共同的惯例，即虚弱的假设是“易于学习的类别”中的“人数规则”。 （Schapire和Freund〜 '12，Shalev-Shwartz和Ben-David '14。）正式，我们假设弱假设类别具有有界的VC维度。我们关注两个主要问题：（i）甲骨文的复杂性：产生准确的假设需要多少个弱假设？我们设计了一种新颖的增强算法，并证明它绕过了由Freund和Schapire（'95，'12）的经典下限。虽然下限显示$ \ omega（{1}/{\ gamma^2}）$弱假设有时是必要的，而有时则需要使用$ \ gamma $ -margin，但我们的新方法仅需要$ \ tilde {o}（{1}）（{1}） /{\ gamma}）$弱假设，前提是它们属于一类有界的VC维度。与以前的增强算法以多数票汇总了弱假设的算法不同，新的增强算法使用了更复杂（“更深”）的聚合规则。我们通过表明复杂的聚合规则实际上是规避上述下限是必要的，从而补充了这一结果。 （ii）表现力：通过提高有限的VC类的弱假设可以学习哪些任务？可以学到“遥远”的复杂概念吗？为了回答第一个问题，我们{介绍组合几何参数，这些参数捕获增强的表现力。}作为推论，我们为认真的班级的第二个问题提供了肯定的答案，包括半空间和决策树桩。一路上，我们建立并利用差异理论的联系。

While recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) language models demonstrate cutting-edge performance when working with English texts, equivalent models do not exist in other languages or do not reach the same performance level. This undesired effect of AI advancements increases the gap between access to new technology from different populations across the world. This unsought bias mainly discriminates against individuals whose English skills are less developed, e.g., non-English speakers children. Following significant advancements in AI research in recent years, OpenAI has recently presented DALL-E: a powerful tool for creating images based on English text prompts. While DALL-E is a promising tool for many applications, its decreased performance when given input in a different language, limits its audience and deepens the gap between populations. An additional limitation of the current DALL-E model is that it only allows for the creation of a few images in response to a given input prompt, rather than a series of consecutive coherent frames that tell a story or describe a process that changes over time. Here, we present an easy-to-use automatic DALL-E storytelling framework that leverages the existing DALL-E model to enable fast and coherent visualizations of non-English songs and stories, pushing the limit of the one-step-at-a-time option DALL-E currently offers. We show that our framework is able to effectively visualize stories from non-English texts and portray the changes in the plot over time. It is also able to create a narrative and maintain interpretable changes in the description across frames. Additionally, our framework offers users the ability to specify constraints on the story elements, such as a specific location or context, and to maintain a consistent style throughout the visualization.

Position modeling plays a critical role in Transformers. In this paper, we focus on length extrapolation, i.e., training on short texts while evaluating longer sequences. We define attention resolution as an indicator of extrapolation. Then we propose two designs to improve the above metric of Transformers. Specifically, we introduce a relative position embedding to explicitly maximize attention resolution. Moreover, we use blockwise causal attention during inference for better resolution. We evaluate different Transformer variants with language modeling. Experimental results show that our model achieves strong performance in both interpolation and extrapolation settings. The code will be available at https://aka.ms/LeX-Transformer.

Despite their widespread adoption, neural conversation models have yet to exhibit natural chat capabilities with humans. In this research, we examine user utterances as causes and generated responses as effects, recognizing that changes in a cause should produce a different effect. To further explore this concept, we have compiled and expanded upon a new dataset called CausalDialogue through crowd-sourcing. This dataset includes multiple cause-effect pairs within a directed acyclic graph (DAG) structure. Our analysis reveals that traditional loss functions can struggle to effectively incorporate the DAG structure, leading us to propose a causality-enhanced method called Exponential Maximum Average Treatment Effect (ExMATE) to enhance the impact of causality at the utterance level in training neural conversation models. To evaluate the effectiveness of this approach, we have built a comprehensive benchmark using the CausalDialogue dataset leveraging large-scale pre-trained language models, and have assessed the results through both human and automatic evaluation metrics for coherence, diversity, and agility. Our findings show that current techniques are still unable to effectively address conversational DAGs, and that the ExMATE method can improve the diversity and agility of conventional loss functions while maintaining coherence.

Recent work attributes progress in NLP to large language models (LMs) with increased model size and large quantities of pretraining data. Despite this, current state-of-the-art LMs for Hebrew are both under-parameterized and under-trained compared to LMs in other languages. Additionally, previous work on pretrained Hebrew LMs focused on encoder-only models. While the encoder-only architecture is beneficial for classification tasks, it does not cater well for sub-word prediction tasks, such as Named Entity Recognition, when considering the morphologically rich nature of Hebrew. In this paper we argue that sequence-to-sequence generative architectures are more suitable for LLMs in the case of morphologically rich languages (MRLs) such as Hebrew. We demonstrate that by casting tasks in the Hebrew NLP pipeline as text-to-text tasks, we can leverage powerful multilingual, pretrained sequence-to-sequence models as mT5, eliminating the need for a specialized, morpheme-based, separately fine-tuned decoder. Using this approach, our experiments show substantial improvements over previously published results on existing Hebrew NLP benchmarks. These results suggest that multilingual sequence-to-sequence models present a promising building block for NLP for MRLs.

Business processes that involve AI-powered automation have been gaining importance and market share in recent years. These business processes combine the characteristics of classical business process management, goal-driven chatbots, conversational recommendation systems, and robotic process automation. In the new context, prescriptive process monitoring demands innovative approaches. Unfortunately, data logs from these new processes are still not available in the public domain. We describe the main challenges in this new domain and introduce a synthesized dataset that is based on an actual use case of intelligent process automation with chatbot orchestration. Using this dataset, we demonstrate crowd-wisdom and goal-driven approaches to prescriptive process monitoring.

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection has attracted a large amount of attention from the machine learning research community in recent years due to its importance in deployed systems. Most of the previous studies focused on the detection of OOD samples in the multi-class classification task. However, OOD detection in the multi-label classification task remains an underexplored domain. In this research, we propose YolOOD - a method that utilizes concepts from the object detection domain to perform OOD detection in the multi-label classification task. Object detection models have an inherent ability to distinguish between objects of interest (in-distribution) and irrelevant objects (e.g., OOD objects) on images that contain multiple objects from different categories. These abilities allow us to convert a regular object detection model into an image classifier with inherent OOD detection capabilities with just minor changes. We compare our approach to state-of-the-art OOD detection methods and demonstrate YolOOD's ability to outperform these methods on a comprehensive suite of in-distribution and OOD benchmark datasets.

We present the UC$^3$RL algorithm for regret minimization in Stochastic Contextual MDPs (CMDPs). The algorithm operates under the minimal assumptions of realizable function class, and access to offline least squares and log loss regression oracles. Our algorithm is efficient (assuming efficient offline regression oracles) and enjoys an $\widetilde{O}(H^3 \sqrt{T |S| |A|(\log (|\mathcal{F}|/\delta) + \log (|\mathcal{P}|/ \delta) )})$ regret guarantee, with $T$ being the number of episodes, $S$ the state space, $A$ the action space, $H$ the horizon, and $\mathcal{P}$ and $\mathcal{F}$ are finite function classes, used to approximate the context-dependent dynamics and rewards, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, our algorithm is the first efficient and rate-optimal regret minimization algorithm for CMDPs, which operates under the general offline function approximation setting.

We address the general task of structured commonsense reasoning: given a natural language input, the goal is to generate a graph such as an event -- or a reasoning-graph. To employ large language models (LMs) for this task, existing approaches ``serialize'' the output graph as a flat list of nodes and edges. Although feasible, these serialized graphs strongly deviate from the natural language corpora that LMs were pre-trained on, hindering LMs from generating them correctly. In this paper, we show that when we instead frame structured commonsense reasoning tasks as code generation tasks, pre-trained LMs of code are better structured commonsense reasoners than LMs of natural language, even when the downstream task does not involve source code at all. We demonstrate our approach across three diverse structured commonsense reasoning tasks. In all these natural language tasks, we show that using our approach, a code generation LM (CODEX) outperforms natural-LMs that are fine-tuned on the target task (e.g., T5) and other strong LMs such as GPT-3 in the few-shot setting.

近年来，出于计算机视觉目的，将图像传输到远程服务器的传输急剧增加。在许多应用程序（例如监视）中，图像主要是用于自动分析的，并且很少被人类看到。在这种情况下，使用传统的压缩在比特率方面效率低下，这可能是由于关注基于人类的失真指标。因此，重要的是创建特定的图像编码方法，以供人类和机器联合使用。创建这种编解码器的机器侧的一种方法是在深神经网络中执行某些中间层执行机器任务的功能匹配。在这项工作中，我们探讨了用于培训人类和机器可学习的编解码器时所使用的层选择的效果。我们证明，使用数据处理不平等，从速率延伸的意义上讲，更深层的匹配特征是可取的。接下来，我们通过重新培训现有的可扩展人机编码模型来从经验上确认我们的发现。在我们的实验中，我们显示了这种可扩展模型的人类和机器方面的权衡，并讨论了在这方面使用更深层进行训练的好处。